Rigging uye kusimudza zvinhu zvakakosha zvemazuva ano mainjiniya mashandiro. Iko kuumbwa uye kuita kwezviyero zvekuvaka zvine chekuita nekuchengetedza kwekushanda, kugona, uye kunaka kweprojekiti. Ichi chinyorwa chinotsanangura zvakarongeka hurongwa hwekugadzirisa nekusimudza kuvaka kubva pamativi mana: hunyanzvi hwekuita, maitiro ekushanda, zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza, uye manejimendi manejimendi. Ichi chinyorwa chine chinangwa chekupa hutungamiriri hwehunyanzvi hwekuita maindasitiri.
I. Mamiriro eUnyanzvi uye Maitiro
Iyo tekinoroji yekumisikidza yekubira nekusimudza ndiyo musimboti hwaro hwezviyero zvekuvaka. Zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa neInternational Crane Manufacturers Association (IMCA) nenyika yangu "Safety Regulations for Lifting Machinery" (GB 6067.1-2010), kusarudzwa kwemarivha kunofanirwa kunyatsoenderana nehuremu, chimiro, uye nharaunda yekushandisa yemutoro uri kusimudzwa. Kutyoka kwesimba retambo dzetambo kunofanirwa kunge kusingasviki katanhatu uremu hwemutoro, uye chengetedzo yezvigadzirwa zvefiber slings hazvifanirwe kunge zvisingasviki kanomwe. Kubatanidza zvinhu zvakaita sehokwe nemaketani zvinofanirwa kunge zvakanyatso cherechedzwa zviyero zvekutakura uye kuongororwa nguva dzose isingaparadze.
Nezvekugadzirisa tambo, kona yezvipfuramabwe zvakawanda-kumakumbo zvinofanirwa kudzorwa mukati me90 madhigirii, nehupamhi husingadarike 120 degree. Kune mitoro isina kujairika, nzvimbo yepakati yegiravhiti inofanirwa kuverengerwa uye midziyo yekubatsira kuenzanisa inofanira kuiswa. Pasi pemamiriro ekushanda akakosha (akadai setembiricha yakakwira nenzvimbo dzinoita ngura), zvinhu zvekubira zvine hunyanzvi zvinoenderana neASTM A975 kana DNVGL-OS-E303 zviyero zvinofanira kushandiswa. Zvese zvinhu zvekubira zvinofanirwa kuperekedzwa neyekutanga mugadziri emhando certification magwaro uye akamakwa nenhamba dzakasiyana dzekuteedzera.
II. Maitirwo Ekushanda Akamisikidzwa
Mamiriro ekushanda maitiro ndiwo akakosha ekudzora ekuona kuchengetedzwa kwekuvaka. Usati wavhiyiwa, "macheki matatu uye matatu ekuongorora" maitiro anofanirwa kuitwa: ongorora magadzirirwo ekuona kupfeka (muchinjika-chikamu chinopfeka chinodarika 10% yedhayamita yepakutanga inoonekwa seyakaraswa), simbisa maverengero ehurongwa hwekusimudza, uye simbisa hwaro hwekubereka (inowanzodikanwa kuve Yakakura kupfuura kana kuenzana ne150 kPa). Vanosimudza vatungamiriri vanofanirwa kubata yakakosha dhizaini chitupa (Kirasi Q1/Q2) uye kushandisa yakajairwa masaini masaini kana inonzwika uye inoonekwa siginecha yechiratidzo inotsanangurwa muISO 7731.
Nzira yekusimudza inofanira kutevera nheyo ye "kunonoka kutanga, kusimudza kwakadzikama, uye kumira kwakadzikama." Mutoro unofanirwa kuchengetwa mukati mehurefu hwe 0.3-0.5 mamita pamusoro pevhu kuitira kutarisa kugadzikana. Kana ma cranes akawanda achishandiswa mukuita kwakarongeka, a synchronized control system inofanirwa kuisirwa, kuve nechokwadi chekuti kutenderera kwemutoro kutsauka pakati pema cranes hakupfuure 8% yechiyero chakayerwa. Kana mutoro wavapo, midziyo miviri yekudzora inoshanda inofanira kuramba iripo isati yaregedza. Kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa kunofanirwa kuchengetedzwa mukati mekushanda, uye mashandiro anofanirwa kumiswa nekukasira kana kumhanya kwemhepo kwakapfuura level 6 (10.8 m/s).
III. Safety Management System
Mitemo yekuchengetedza ndiyo yakakosha mukubira nekusimudza mashandiro. Maererano neOSHA 1926.1400 uye nyika yangu "Technical Specifications for Safety of Height Operations in Construction" (JGJ 80-2016), nzvimbo yebasa inofanira kuchengetedzwa nekaviri perimeter (yakaoma fencing + yambiro tepi), uye hapana vashandi vasina mvumo vanobvumirwa kuramba vari mukati menzvimbo yengozi. Zvishandiso zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo (PPE) zvinofanirwa kusanganisira chinosunga chinodonha, ngowani yakaoma (impact absorption capacity Yakakura kupfuura kana kuenzana ne200J), uye magurovhosi asingagurwe (EN388 level 4 kana kupfuura).
Kugadzirisa zvekushandisa kunoshandisa-matairi matatu ekuongorora system: zuva nezuva, vhiki nevhiki, uye pamwedzi. Ongororo inotarisisa kutarisa waya dzakatyoka (muchinjika-tambo dzetambo dzinofanirwa kukururwa kana huwandu hwewaya dzakatyoka mukati mehurefu hwakareba hunosvika 10% yehuwandu hwewaya dzese), deformation yezvibatanidza (shackles ane ovality inodarika 10% zvinorambidzwa), uye bhureki system kuvimbika (inoda kutarisisa 20% yebhureki). Zvirongwa zveEmergency zvinofanirwa kusanganisira buffer nzvimbo dzekurasikirwa kwemutoro (buffer material compressive simba Yakakura kupfuura kana yakaenzana ne20 MPa) uye nzira dzekutanga dzekubatsira kune vakakuvara (nguva yekununura yegoridhe inogumira kumaminitsi mashanu).
IV. Kudzora Kwemhando uye Kutarisira
Nzira yekutarisa inobudirira inovimbisa kushandiswa kwezviyero. Makambani ekuvaka anofanirwa kumisa ISO 9001 yemhando yepamusoro manejimendi uye kuchengetedza yakazara rigging lifecycle rekodhi (kusanganisira kutenga uye kubvuma marekodhi, nguva nenguva yekuongorora, uye nhoroondo yekugadzirisa). Chechitatu-Masangano ekuongorora anofanirwa kuita magnetic particle inspection kana ultrasonic testing on in-kushandisa rigging mwedzi mitanhatu yega yega maererano neGB/T 20118-2017, ine zvishoma 100% inspection coverage.
Matunhu ekutarisa anofanirwa kutarisa pakuongorora maverengero emutoro muchirongwa chekuvaka (chakasainwa nekusimbiswa neakanyoreswa mainjiniya), marekodhi ehunyanzvi ekuchengetedza ehunyanzvi (akasainwa zvachose nevatori vechikamu), uye matanda ebasa ezuva nezuva. Pamapurojekiti makuru ekusimudza anopfuura matani zana, misangano yekuongorora nyanzvi inofanira kuitwa kuti ikurukure zvigadziriso zvekurapa kwehwaro, kurongeka kwesarudzo yekubira, uye kukwana kwematanho ekukurumidzira. Masangano anodzora ehurumende anofanirwa kushandisa tekinoroji yeIoT kubata michina yekubira neRFID tag yechokwadi-nguva yekutarisisa mamiriro emidziyo.
Kuitwa kwakasimba kwekubira uye kusimudza zviyero zvekuvaka ibwe repakona rakakosha rekuchengetedza kuvaka. Nekunatsa hunyanzvi hwekuita, kugadzirisa maitiro ekushanda, kuita zvakarongeka manejimendi ekuchengetedza, uye nehungwaru kutarisa kutonga kwemhando, njodzi dzekushanda dzinogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya uye kuvimbika kwekuvaka kunovandudzwa. Vese vatambi vemuindasitiri vanofanirwa kuenderera mberi nekutarisa zvigadziriso zvepasirese zviyero (se ISO 4309:2017, "Nhungamiro yeCrane Wire Rope Care uye Maintenance") uye nekubatanidza matekinoroji edhijitari (akadai seBIM yekusimudza simulation uye nehungwaru yekutarisisa sensor) kusimudzira kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro akachengeteka ekubatisa nekusimudza mashandiro. Chete nekushandura zvakajairwa mukuita kwekuziva nevashandi vese ndipo panogona kuzadziswa chinangwa chekupedzisira che "zero tsaona".
